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American kestrel population trends and vital rates at the continental scale
"Bird and Smallwood (2023) recently reviewed factors postulated to have contributed to the decline in American kestrel populations in North America. Of the seven factors they listed, five are potentially germane to kestrel survival: (1) declines in abundance of arthropod prey (e.g., common grasshoppers, Welti et al., 2020), particularly with respect to seasonal trends relative to kestrel breeding; (2) the continued use of second-generation rodenticides (Rattner et al., 2011; Rattner & Harvey, 2021); (3) the direct and indirect effects of neonicotinoid insecticides (Radvanyi et al., 1988); (4) increases in human population density; and (5) Cooper's hawk predation."
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